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2002 Cotton Production Workshop
AUTHOR
A. S. Culpepper
A. C. York
University of Georgia and N. C. State
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
2002 Cotton Production Workshop, Tifton, GA
Topics for Discussion
Cotton Burndown
Cotton Burndown - Focus: cutleaf eveningprimrose
Cotton Burndown
Cotton Burndown
If you want use 2,4-D
Relative Response of Cutleaf Eveningprimrose to Glyphosate Tank Mixes.
Wheat Response to Glyphosate Applied Alone and in Mixture with Caparol
Summary - cutleaf eveningprimrose
Percent primrose control by Liberty
Wild Radish
Wild Radish Impact on Cotton Emergence
Summary - Wild Radish
Liberty Link Cotton
Liberty Link (2003)
Liberty Link (2004)
Liberty Link (2004) -- One Possibility
Liberty vs. Roundup
Pitted Morningglory Response to Liberty and Glyphosate
Non-treated vs Liberty
Palmer must be small for Liberty
Possible Liberty Link Systems
Roundup Ready Flex
Roundup Ready Flex tolerance study.
Early Season Weed Competition
Early Season Competition
Effect of PRE Herbicides on RR Seedcotton Yield.
Trifloxysulfuron-sodium
Envoke
Envoke vs. Staple
Zorial and Envoke
Envoke: favorable conditions vs dry conditions
Smallflower Morningglory Control
Envoke
Envoke
Syngenta RR Cotton Herbicide Program
Nutsedge Control with Envoke
Injury Issues with Envoke
Suprend
Syngenta Cotton Herbicide Program
Touchdown plus Dual Magnum
Injury Range
Cotton Response to Glyphosate + Dual
Touchdown plus Dual Magnum
Do not apply Dual and Staple within a couple of days of each other
Touchdown plus Dual Magnum
glyphosate and Dual Magnum
glyphosate and Dual Magnum
Dual vs. Staple in Glyphosate Topical Mixture
Do Not Use Dual PRE on Georgia Soils
Aim Postemergence-directed
Most Likely Fit for Aim in Cotton
Large Morningglory Response to Layby Herbicides
Most Likely Fit for Aim in Cotton
Aim
Directed Applications: Glyphosate + Aim vs Glyphosate alone
Plant terminal response to Aim "running" the stem
Aim Application Timing
Valor for Layby (2004)
Large Morningglory Response to Layby Herbicides
Valor for Layby (2004)
Weed Resistance to Glyphosate
Weed Resistance to Glyphosate: Should We Be Concerned?
Weed Resistance to Glyphosate: ABSOLUTELY!
Known Cases of Resistance to Glyphosate
Horseweed
How Can We Deal With Resistance?
Practical Things to Help Avoid Resistance
Integrate non-chemical control
Detecting Herbicide Resistance
Indicators of Resistance
Resistance
Progression of Herbicide Resistance
Weed Shifts are a greater issue at this time in Georgia cotton
Tropical spiderwort, Asiatic dayflower, Spreading dayflower
Below ground fruiting structures
Spiderwort
Spiderwort's rank as Georgia's Most Troublesome Weeds in Cotton
Spiderwort response to Roundup UltraMax
37 "systems" evaluated at 2 locations to control tropical spiderwort
Spiderwort
Spiderwort
What do we know from 2002?
What do we know from 2002?
What do we know from 2001-2002?
Percent tropical spiderwort control at cotton harvest.
What do we know from 2002?
Tropical Spiderwort Infestation
Morningglory Continues to be Troublesome to Georgia Growers?
Morningglory Continues to be Troublesome to Georgia Growers?
Morningglory Continues to be Troublesome to Georgia Growers?
Residual Morningglory Control?
Fairly common scene at harvest across the state
Two Possible Issues?
Two Possible Issues?
Two Possible Issues?
Glyphosate Formulations
Glyphosate Formulations
Registered Uses on Roundup Ready Crops
Glyphosate Formulations
Glyphosate Formulations
Glyphosate Formulations
Glyphosate Formulations
Glyphosate Formulations
So, which brand of glyphosate should you use?
Crop and weeds apparently don't care
Pricing is important
Also consider service and guarantees
Should you consider future developments in technology?
Roundup WeatherMax
2002 Cotton Production Workshop, Tifton, GA
SLIDE CONTENTS
2002 Cotton Production WorkshopTifton, GACulpepper and York
Topics for Discussion Burndown for conservation tillage Liberty Link Technology Roundup Ready Flex Early-season weed competition Touchdown + Dual Magnum CGA 362622 = Envoke; Suprend Aim (directed treatments Valor (directed treatments) Roundup resistance concerns Tropical spiderwort Morningglory Palmer amaranth Glyphosate formulations
Cotton Burndown
Cotton BurndownFocus: cutleaf eveningprimrose Put 2,4-D out in Feb/March followed by glyphosate or paraquat near planting 2. Apply glyphosate or paraquat + 2,4-D near planting (be aware of plant back interval)
Cotton Burndown Put 2,4-D out in Feb/March followed by glyphosate or paraquat near planting a) better weed coverage, smaller weeds b) very flexible at planting c) no plant back issues d) tank hopefully cleaned out by now e) two trips are necessary
Cotton Burndown Apply glyphosate or paraquat + 2,4-D near planting (be aware of plant back interval) plant back restrictions weed coverage questionable tank cleanout more of an issue single application
If you want use 2,4-D then Glyphosate plus Clarity* Or Glyphosate plus Valor* *Beware of plant back restrictions
Relative Response of Cutleaf Eveningprimrose to Glyphosate Tank Mixes.* *Estimates based on GA and NC data 30 DAT from 1999 to 2002. Alone Aim Harmony Extra Goal Resource Valor Clarity 2,4-D 16 6 13 6 6 12 7 16 # of trials
Roundup UltraMax (1.6 pt) + 1.5 pt Caparol Wheat Response to Glyphosate Applied Alone and in Mixture with Caparol. Ponder Farm, 2001; 16 DAT.
Summary - cutleaf eveningprimrose 1. 2,4-D, glyphosate + 2,4-D, paraquat + 2,4-D 2. glyphosate + Valor or Clarity
Percent primrose control by Liberty. Tifton, 2002. 33 day after treatment.* 20 oz 27 oz 32 oz Liberty 56 85 93 *Not an economical option at this time.
Wild Radish
Wild Radish Impact on Cotton Emergence Wild radish Cotton stand residue* reduction 0.5 29 1.0 78 1.5 100 2.0 100 *percent of soil by weight. Jason Norsworthy, Clemson University.
Summary - Wild radish 1. glyphosate + 2,4-D, Harmony Extra paraquat + 2,4-D, Direx, Harmony Extra 2. glyphosate + Valor, Direx 3. glyphosate
Liberty Link Cotton
Liberty Link (2003) Approximately 15 bags per sales rep 2 cultivars: 989 and 966 series, no Bt
Liberty Link (2004) Liberty is expensive…..how will it compete
Liberty Link (2004) – One Possibility Roundup Ready Seed + 2 application of glyphosate equals (approximately) Liberty Link Seed + 2 applications of Liberty (32 oz)
Liberty vs. Roundup* Weed Liberty Roundup Application window + - Eveningprimrose + - Goosegrass - + Large grasses - + Morningglory + - Nutsedge - + Palmer amaranth - + Perennial grasses - + Volunteer peanut + - *Control of many weeds is similar. Assuming proper rates and application.
Pitted Morningglory Response to Liberty and Glyphosate. Moultrie, GA, 2001. non-treated Liberty glyphosate (27 oz/A) (0.75 lb ae/A)
non-treated Liberty (27.4 oz/A) LL cotton trial, TyTy, 2001.
Palmer must be small for Liberty
Possible Liberty Link Systems Yellow herbicide at plant, Liberty 1-2 leaf topical, Liberty 6-8 leaf topical, timely directed 2. Yellow plus Cotoran or Staple, Liberty timely 3- 6 leaf, timely directed
Roundup Ready Flex Will contain new transformation event Greater gene expression in floral parts Greater tolerance to later overtop applications 2006???
Roundup Ready Flex tolerance study. 2002.Mechanically harvested seed cotton yield. lb ae/A* *Applied overtop 3-, 6-, 10-, and 14-leaf. **Not in commercial variety.
Early Season Weed Competition 2 inch weeds 5 inch weeds 8 inch weeds Application Timing
Early Season Competition First 4 to 6 weeks still most important for weeds 2. Approximately 40% of time use PRE or be willing to make 2 topical applications following label recommendations.
Effect of PRE Herbicides on RR Seedcotton Yield.1 1070 b 1460 a No PRE Avg. 10 PRE’s 1Study in 1998 conducted at Goldsboro, NC.
Trifloxysulfuron-sodium Trifloxysulfuron-sodium is a post-emergence, broad-spectrum, ALS inhibitor herbicide Trifloxysulfuron will be marketed in two brands: Envoke – 75WG trifloxysulfuron Suprend – trifloxysulfuron + prometryn
Envoke New product from Syngenta Fourth quarter EPA work plan Broadleaf and sedge herbicide, do NOT mix with graminicides Short soil residual; limited PRE activity
Envoke vs. Staple* Weed Envoke Staple Application window + Dayflower species ++ Morningglory + Nutsedge ++ Palmer amaranth + Prickly sida ++ Sicklepod ++ Smallflower mg** ++ Tall morningglory ++ *Assuming proper postemergence rates and application. **Absolutely no control by Envoke
Zorial PRE + Envoke 0.0047 LB A/A 14 DAT
Envoke applied under Envoke applied under favorable conditions dry conditions 14 DAT
glyphosate Envoke Smallflower Morningglory Control. 14 DAT.
Envoke Mix with Staple or glyphosate: Apparently NO
Envoke Where might Syngenta promote the herbicide?
Syngenta RR Cotton Herbicide Program
Untreated check Glyphosate + Dual 1- to 2-leaf Envoke 5- to 8-leaf Nutsedge Control with Envoke
Injury Issues with Envoke Expect some injury. Usually moderate but occasionally severe. Recovers quickly with no yield loss in most studies across Southeast. Envoke 0.0047 lb/A OT 4-lf Non-treated Control
Syngenta Cotton Herbicide Program + Dual MAGNUM
Touchdown plus Dual Magnum Apply to cotton > 3” but before 5 leaf stage Do not use ANY additive, avoid dew
Injury Range From glyphosate plus Dual
Cotton Response to Glyphosate + Dual* heavy dew no dew *Application with dew applied 7 am. Application without dew applied 11 am.
Touchdown plus Dual Magnum Apply to cotton > 3” but before 5 leaf stage Do not use ANY additives, avoid dew Do not mix with staple
Do not apply Dual and Staple within a couple of days of each other glyphosate + Dual glyphosate + Dual + Staple
Touchdown plus Dual Magnum Apply to cotton > 3” but before 5 leaf stage Do not use ANY additives, avoid dew Do not mix with staple Residual weed control of pigweeds, grasses, pusley, and spiderwort
glyphosate @ 4 leaf cotton + Dual Magnum 1 pt/A 1) Dayflower emerged 3 to 7 day after 4 leaf application. Rain 3 d after application. 2) Prowl applied PRE. No layby.
glyphosate @ 4 lf + 1 pt Dual Magnum Attapulgus, 2001 *Irrigated within 48 hrs.
Dual vs. Staple in Glyphosate Topical Mixture* Weed Dual Staple Annual grasses ++ Dayflower species ++ + Florida pusley + Morningglory ++ Nutsedge + Palmer amaranth ++ ++ Sicklepod Cost of treatment ++ *Assuming proper postemergence rates and application.
Dual Magnum PRE Do Not Use Dual PRE on Georgia Soils
label claims control of: pigweed species lambsquarters cocklebur morningglory velvetleaf spurred anoda smartweed hemp sesbania common ragweed Aim Postemergence-directed
Most Likely Fit for Aim in Cotton Tank mix with glyphosate to improve morningglory control
Roundup UltraMax 1.6 pt Large Morningglory Response to Layby Herbicides. 5 DAT. Irwin Co., GA, 2001. *Trial conducted on farm in Irwin County with Gibbs Wilson. + Aim 0.6 oz/A
Most Likely Fit for Aim in Cotton What about tank mixing with other products for morningglory control?
Glyphosate + Aim Glyphosate alone directed applications
Plant terminal response to Aim “running” the stem
Aim Application Timing Treat Aim as a true layby directed herbicide applying when cotton is at least 16 inches tall and the stem is completely woody.
4th quarter 2003 EPA workplan 18 inch cotton or larger, completely “woody” glyphosate plus 1-2 oz per acre MSMA plus 2 oz per acre postemergence control of most weeds residual control of many weeds Valor for Layby (2004)
Large Morningglory Response to Layby Herbicides. 5 DAT. Irwin Co., GA, 2001. *Trial conducted on farm in Irwin County with Gibbs Wilson. UltraMax 1.6 pt + Valor 1 oz Roundup UltraMax 1.6 pt
Off-labeled use of this product in 2003 could jeopardize the potential for a 2004 label Valor for Layby (2004)
Weed Resistance to Glyphosate
Weed Resistance to Glyphosate: Should We Be Concerned?
Weed Resistance to Glyphosate: Should We Be Concerned? ABSOLUTELY!
Known Cases of Resistance to Glyphosate Species Location Goosegrass Malaysia Rigid ryegrass California, Australia, South Africa Italian ryegrass Chile Horseweed Tennessee, Delaware
HORSEWEED
How Can We Deal With Resistance? 1. Take your chances, deal with it if and when it happens Manage to avoid it, or at least delay its development
Practical Things to Help Avoid Resistance 1. Avoid over-reliance on same mode of action a. Rotate modes of action b. Use more than one MOA Tank mixes, sequential applications
Practical Things to Help Avoid Resistance 1. Avoid over-reliance on same mode of action a. Rotate modes of action MOA tables in Extension pubs or online b. Use more than one MOA Tank mixes, sequential applications 2. Integrate non-chemical control, such as cultivation and primary tillage, where practical
Progression of Herbicide Resistance
Weed Shifts are a greater issue at this time in Georgia cotton
Asiatic dayflower Spreading dayflower Tropical spiderwort
above ground below ground seed seed below ground fruiting structures
Spiderworts rank as Georgia’s Most troublesome weeds in cotton 1999: not ranked 2001: ninth 2003: number 1
Spiderwort response to Roundup UltraMax* *Pictures 15 d after treatment. No plants died from any treatment.
37 “systems” evaluated at 2 locations to control tropical spiderwort in 2002. Control at harvest: < 50% control: 49 50 to 80% control: 19 80-90% control: 5 >90% control: 1
Grady Co. 2002
What do we know from 2002? Greater than 85% residual control at 30 days: Command Dual (can not use at plant) Greater than 70% residual control at 30 days: Cotoran Direx* Zorial *Caparol or Cotton-Pro not included in trial.
What do we know from 2002? Postemergence control (<3 inch): 1. Paraquat (Gramoxone, Boa) (>90%) 2. MSMA (2 lb/A) tank mixes (80-90%) 3. Glyphosate + Aim, Direx, Staple (70-85%)
What do we know from 2001-2002? Best system so far: Prowl/Treflan at plant (no effect on spiderwort) Glyphosate + Dual early POST Direx (1 qt) + MSMA (2 lb/A) directed All applications were EXTREMELY timely.
Percent tropical spiderwort control at cotton harvest. Grady County, 2001-2002. Yellow herbicide at plant; glyphosate + Dual early Post; Direx + MSMA directed 57 95 78 87
What do we know from 2002? We must get more residual in the program Where do we put the residual We must learn spiderwort emergence pattern If you don’t have the weed; make sure you don’t get it.
Tropical Spiderwort Infestation Red = severe Orange = moderate Green = light Yellow = exist Gray = not found
Morningglory Continues to be Troublesome to Georgia Growers? WHY??????
Morningglory Continues to be Troublesome to Georgia Growers? At plant: Cotoran, Direx, Staple Early Post: Glyphosate, Staple, Staple Plus Directed: MSMA plus Caparol, Cobra, Cotoran, Direx, Staple, glyphosate plus Aim, Caparol, Direx, Harvade, Staple
Morningglory Continues to be Troublesome to Georgia Growers? Timeliness of application (i.e. large at time of application) No residual in the system
Residual Morningglory Control? Cotoran Direx Staple Caparol
Fairly common scene at harvest across the state
Two Possible Issues? Pigweed is to large at time of layby Pigweed comes up after layby
Two Possible Issues? Pigweed is to large at time of layby a) add a preemergence herbicide such a yellow herbicide, Cotoran, Staple b) Add Dual or Staple in at early POST
Two Possible Issues? 2. Pigweed comes up after layby a) use layby option with residual activity such as Direx, Caparol, Prowl
Glyphosate Formulations
Glyphosate Formulations Numerous brands available All registered for burndown, selective applicators, and preharvest Most, but not all, registered for use in RR crops
Registered Uses on Roundup Ready Crops Brand Soybean Corn Cotton Clearout 41 Plus Yes Yes Yes Gly-4 Yes Yes Yes Gly-4 Plus Yes Yes Yes Gly-Flo No Yes No Glyfos Yes Yes Yes Glyfos X-TRA Yes Yes Yes Glyphomax Yes Yes Yes Glyphomax Plus Yes Yes Yes Gly Star Original Yes Yes Yes Gly Star Plus Yes Yes Yes Roundup Original Yes Yes No Roundup UltraMax Yes Yes Yes Roundup WeatherMax Yes Yes Yes Touchdown Yes Yes Yes
Glyphosate Formulations Numerous brands available Three basic formulations
Glyphosate Formulations Some brands are “loaded”, some require surfactant; AMS and drift control agent can be added to any Formulations and concentrations vary; only way to compare use rates is on the basis of acid equivalence
Basic Glyphosate Formulations Formulation Brand lb salt/gal lb ae/gal diammonium Touchdown 3.57 3.0 salt potassium Roundup 5.5 4.5 salt WeatherMax isopropylamine All except 4.0 3.0 salt the above 5.0 3.7 5.4 4.0
Formulation lb salt/gal lb ae/gal Comparative rates IPA salt 4.0 3.0 0.375 lb ae = 16 fl oz 0.563 lb ae = 24 fl oz 0.750 lb ae = 32 fl oz IPA salt 5.0 3.7 0.375 lb ae = 13.0 fl oz 0.563 lb ae = 19.5 fl oz 0.750 lb ae = 26.0 fl oz DA salt 3.57 3.0 0.375 lb ae = 16 fl oz 0.563 lb ae = 24 fl oz 0.750 lb ae = 32 fl oz K salt 5.5 4.5 0.375 lb ae = 10.7 fl oz 0.563 lb ae = 16.0 fl oz 0.750 lb ae = 21.3 fl oz
So, which brand of glyphosate should you use?
So, which brand of glyphosate should you use? 1. Crop and weeds apparently don’t care
So, which brand of glyphosate should you use? 1. Crop and weeds apparently don’t care 2. Pricing is important
So, which brand of glyphosate should you use? 1. Crop and weeds apparently don’t care 2. Pricing is important 3. Also consider service and guarantees
So, which brand of glyphosate should you use? 1. Crop and weeds apparently don’t care 2. Pricing is important 3. Also consider service and guarantees 4. Should you consider future developments in technology?
Roundup WeatherMax 1. Replacing UltraMax 2. Potassium salt 5.5 lb salt/gal; 4.5 lb ae/gal 3. 30-min rainfree warranty 4. Claim better activity under marginal conditions 5. Better bulk handling characteristics
2002 Cotton Production WorkshopTifton, GACulpepper and York