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Diversity and Integration To Preserve Conservation Tillage
AUTHOR
Stanley Culpepper
Professor and Extension Weed Specialist
University of Georgia
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Diversity and Integration To Preserve Conservation Tillage
Topics of Discussion
Palmer Changes Agriculture Forever
Most troublesome weed
Changes in Herbicide Management
Growth of hand-weeding
Palmer Seed (#/plant) When Chopping Plants at Cotton Layby
Changes in tillage/planting practices from 2000-2005 to 2006-2010
Tillage used by Georgia cotton growers
Most Palmer amaranth emerges from top inch
Palmer amaranth response to deep tillage
Tillage in Cotton During 2010
Palmer requires a significant amount of sunlight to emerge!!
Potential Benefits for Georgia Growers
Palmer amaranth response to cover crops
Palmer amaranth response to deep tillage and cover crops
GR Palmer amaranth influence on cotton lint yield (lb/A) in the Roundup system.
Potential Challenges for Georgia Growers
Potential Challenges for Georgia Growers
Burning
Field
Field
Field
Field
Potential Challenges for Georgia Growers
closeup
Percent Palmer Amaranth Control with Reflex 1 pt/A PPI or PRE in 2010.
Reflex: Soil moist at planting; rainfall 13 DAT.
Percent Palmer Control with Reflex + Prowl PPI, PRE, Split 2011. 28 DAT.
Percent Palmer Control with Reflex + Prowl PPI, 2010. TyTy, GA. 38 DAT.
field
Potential Challenges for Georgia Growers
No herbicide vs herbicide
Potential Challenges for Georgia Growers
Rye Biomass (lb/A) at time of cotton Planting on May 13, 2011 - Planted Nov 3
Rye Biomass (lb/A) at time of cotton Planting on May 13, 2011 - Planted Dec 22
Potential Challenges for Georgia Growers
Developing An Herbicide-Resistant Weed Management Plan
Herbicide-resistance is not a new phenomenon! Its been happening since 1968!
Evolution of Herbicide Resistant Weeds
PPO Herbicides
Liberty
Impact of GR Palmer amaranth on GA.
Liberty + 1.5 pt of 2,4-D
Liberty + Clarity 8 oz
Liberty + HPPD
Herbicide Resistance: Will You Survive?
How do we save Liberty and the family farm????
NO DOUBT THE MOST SUSTAINABLE PROGRAM IN TERMS OF HERBICIDE RESISTANCE
SLIDE CONTENTS
Diversity and Integration To Preserve Conservation Tillage Stanley Culpepper, University of Georgia, Tifton
Topics of Discussion Changes in cotton production Efforts to convert average cotton grower to heavy residue Will the cotton farmer survive resistance
Total grower (n = 65) acres = 129,615 (12.6% of GA cotton) Total agent county (n = 10) acres = 246,034 (24% of GA cotton) Palmer Changes Agriculture Forever
Most troublesome weed
Changes in Herbicide Management 2002: $24/A 2010: $63/A Roundup Burndown Roundup POST 1 Roundup POST 2 Roundup + diuron PD Roundup + Valor Burndown1 Gramoxone + Reflex + Direx PRE Roundup + Staple POST 1 Roundup + Dual POST 2 Direx + MSMA PD
Photo by A.C. York 2010 2000-2005: 17% of growers hand-weeded 5% cotton acres at $2.40/A 2006-2010: 92% of growers hand-weeded 52% cotton acres at $23.70/A
129,125 394,100 36,100 Not Chopped Chopped at 6 inch Chopped at 1 inch Palmer Seed (#/plant) When Chopping Plants at Cotton Layby. Chopped at soil 22,400 2010/2011: Sosnoskie/Grey/Webster/Culpepper
Changes in tillage/planting practices from 2000-2005 to 2006-2010
Tillage used by Georgia cotton growers 256,075 acres (25.9%) 264,266 acres (26.7%) Deep turning (last 3 years) Incorporation of herbicides with tillage (2010) %
Most Palmer amaranth emerges from top inch
Staple + Reflex + Direx PRE Roundup WMax + Parrlay POST Direx + MSMA Layby Weeds Deep Tillage Palmer amaranth response to deep tillage. Macon County, GA.
Tillage in Cotton During 2010
Palmer requires a significant amount of sunlight to emerge!!
Potential Benefits for Georgia Growers Improved Palmer control Protect herbicide chemistry Labor (compared to tillage) Wind and water erosion Prevents GR horseweed Prevents/Lessons GR ryegrass Moisture conservation Reduce herbicide inputs Higher yields on dryland Protection from EPA Reduces thrips damage
Staple + Reflex + Direx PRE Roundup WMax + Parrlay POST Direx + MSMA Layby Weeds Rye cover Palmer amaranth response to cover crops. Macon County, GA. 2009.
Staple + Reflex + Direx PRE Roundup WMax + Parrlay POST Direx + MSMA Layby Weeds Palmer amaranth response to deep tillage and cover crops. Macon County, GA. 2009. Deep tillage Rye cover crop
GR Palmer amaranth influence on cotton lint yield (lb/A) in the Roundup system.* 592 c 690 b Weeds *RR System: Diuron + Reflex + Staple fb Roundup + Parrlay fb Direx + MSMA Inversion + rye Deep inversion 790 a Rye 480 d
Potential Challenges for Georgia Growers Blowout impacting stand Incorporate herbicides with when strip tilling Spray then roll, roll then spray? Time to get established Increased fertilizer Rubber wheel system Grower comfort
Potential Challenges for Georgia Growers Blowout impacting stand Incorporate herbicides with when strip tilling Spray then roll, roll then spray? Time to get established Increased fertilizer Rubber wheel system Grower comfort
Potential Challenges for Georgia Growers Blowout impacting stand Incorporate herbicides with when strip tilling Spray then roll, roll then spray? Time to get established Increased fertilizer Rubber wheel system Grower comfort
Percent Palmer Amaranth Control with Reflex 1 pt/A PPI or PRE in 2010. 99 A 79 B 98 A Irrigated Dryland
Reflex: Soil moist at planting; rainfall 13 DAT. PPI PRE
72 b 60 c 91 a PPI PRE Split Percent Palmer Control with Reflex + Prowl PPI, PRE, Split 2011. 28 DAT. Injury = 5% Injury = 5% Injury = 15% Reflex 1 pt + Prowl H20 2 pt
80 b 92 a 3 c Rototiller Field cultivator Disk Percent Palmer Control with Reflex + Prowl PPI, 2010. TyTy, GA. 38 DAT.
Potential Challenges for Georgia Growers Blowout impacting stand Incorporate herbicides with when strip tilling Spray then roll, roll then spray? Time to get established Increased fertilizer Rubber wheel system Grower comfort
No herbicide Herbicide
Potential Challenges for Georgia Growers Blowout impacting stand Incorporate herbicides with when strip tilling Spray then roll, roll then spray? Time to get established Increased fertilizer Rubber wheel system Grower comfort
5724 5575 5664 60 lb rye No N Rye Biomass (lb/A) at time of cotton Planting on May 13, 2011. 60 lb rye 30 unit N 90 lb rye No N 90 lb rye 30 unit N 5560 PLANTED Nov 3
3166 2162 3001 60 lb rye No N Rye Biomass (lb/A) at time of cotton Planting on May 13, 2011. 60 lb rye 30 unit N 90 lb rye No N 90 lb rye 30 unit N 2519 PLANTED DEC 22
Potential Challenges for Georgia Growers Blowout impacting stand Incorporate herbicides with when strip tilling Spray then roll, roll then spray? Time to get established Increased fertilizer Rubber wheel system Grower comfort
Developing An Herbicide-Resistant Weed Management Plan Eric P. Prostko, Ph.D. Professor and Extension Weed Specialist Dept. Crop & Soil Sciences
Herbicide-resistance is not a new phenomenon! Its been happening since 1968! Source: International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds (http://www.weedscience.org/In.asp)
Evolution of Herbicide Resistant Weeds Repeated applications of herbicides with same site of action (i.e. selection pressure) Annual weeds that…… occur in high populations are widely distributed are prolific seed producers have efficient gene (seed or pollen) dissemination competitive growth
PPO Herbicides Resistance has already been reported in other areas!!! Amaranthus quitensis 2005 (Bolivia) Common waterhemp 2001 (Kansas) 2002 (Illinois) 2005 (Missouri) 2009 (Iowa) Common ragweed 2005 (Delaware) 2006 (Ohio) Wild poinsettia 2004 (Brazil)
Liberty Abuse of Liberty LL cotton, corn, soybeans PHY WRF cotton may jeopardize future technologies (DHT, Dicamba) Current resistances Italian ryegrass (Oregon) Goosegrass (Malaysia)
37 18 % acres Liberty-based Programs 0 Impact of GR Palmer amaranth on GA.
1.5 pt of 2,4-D Liberty + 1.5 pt of 2,4-D
Clarity 8 oz Liberty + Clarity 8 oz
HPPD Liberty + HPPD
Herbicide Resistance: Will You Survive? If resistance is one in a billion then you only need 918 acres to find that plant. (historically resistance is 1 plant in population of 1-10 million…9.18 acres) 25 plants per square foot emerge = 1,089,000 plants per acre
How do we save Liberty and the family farm???? Significant pressure on Bayer…….prevent known repetitive abusers from being able to purchase Liberty?? Bayer/Monsanto/Dow should unite!!!! Growers/Industry/Distributors/Dealers/Extension unite!! Regulate????
NO DOUBT THE MOST SUSTAINABLE PROGRAM IN THERMS OF HERBICIDE RESISTANCE