Slide Presentation

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AUTHOR
Stanley Culpepper
Professor and Extension Weed Specialist
University of Georgia

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
  1. 2014: Herbicide Resistance Changes Agriculture Forever
  2. Herbicide-resistance is not a new phenomenon! Its been happening since 1968!
  3. The U.S. Wins the Gold Medal in Herbicide Resistance!!!!
  4. Confirmed Cases of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds in the United States
  5. Glyphosate Resistant Weeds in US & Canada
  6. Resistance Development
  7. Roundup Ready Technology
  8. Resistance Development
  9. Tremendous Selection Pressure
  10. Selection Pressure - Overuse of herbicide chemistry
  11. Palmer amaranth Changes Agriculture
  12. What makes Palmer special? - Herbicide resistance
  13. Oh my, how great it was!!!!!!
  14. WeatherMax 176 oz; POST 2", 5", and 8"
  15. Photo
  16. What makes Palmer special? - Growth rate
  17. 4 inches 52 hr
  18. 1/2 inch 12 hr (overnight)
  19. What makes Palmer special? - Large stature
  20. Rapid Growth Becoming Extremely Large
  21. What makes Palmer special? - Competitive ability
  22. Crop Rotation
  23. What makes Palmer special? - Reducing harvest efficacy
  24. Impact on Harvest
  25. What makes Palmer a special? - Seed production
  26. Number of Seed Produced per Plant Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds in US
  27. Palmer amaranth seed production allows for rapid field domination
  28. What makes Palmer special? - Rapid spread
  29. Role of pollen movement and gene-flow in the spread of herbicide resistance
  30. Pollen-flow can move genes across the landscape
  31. And a trait becomes established in a new population
  32. Traditional Grower Response To Resistance
  33. Traditional Grower Response To Resistance
  34. Helping Growers Respond More Quickly
  35. Herbicide cost increases
  36. Changes in Herbicide Management
  37. Increase in hand-weeded cotton acres
  38. Tillage is now a common scene
  39. Current Cotton Situation
  40. RR Herbicide Program Getting Better*
  41. Growers Making Good Decisions IS KEY!!!!!
  42. Growers Making Good Decisions IS KEY!!!!!
  43. Relying Too Heavily on Herbicides??
  44. 2013-2015: Develop better programs reducing selection pressure on ALL herbicides
  45. Photo
  46. Using Heavy Rye Covers For Sustainability
  47. Herbicide Resistance: Will You Survive?
  48. Questions/Comments



SLIDE CONTENTS
  1. 2014: Herbicide Resistance Changes Agriculture Forever Stanley Culpepper Tifton, GA
  2. Herbicide-resistance is not a new phenomenon! Its been happening since 1968!
  3. The U.S. Wins the Gold Medal in Herbicide Resistance!!!! Source: International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds (10/4/12)
  4. Confirmed Cases of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds in the United States 5 5 11 19 11 6 5 6 9 2 Source: International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds (10/4/12) 24 20 8 26 4 CT-2 DE-7 HI- 4 MD-11 MA-2 NH-2 NJ-4 RI-1 VT-2 13 22 16 22 22 4 2 27 17 13 10 8 5 13 21 18 7 10 1 11 12 2
  5. Resistance Development Economics, Effectiveness, and Ease of the herbicide(s) AND Biology of the weed
  6. Roundup Ready Technology Very Economical Very Effective Extremely Easy
  7. Resistance Development Economics, Effectiveness, and Ease are almost always the main factors 1. Single mode of action applied to large acreage 2. Few or no alternative classes of chemistry used 3. Little to no tillage 4. Little to no rotation in crops 5. Often in stressful environments when herbicide activity is minimized 6. Reduced herbicide rates, poor coverage, etc.. that minimize activity
  8. Tremendous Selection Pressure
  9. Selection Pressure Overuse of herbicide chemistry Resistance Herbicide Resistance: The acquired (inherited) ability of a weed population to survive a herbicide application that previously was known to control the population.
  10. Palmer amaranth Changes Agriculture Biological Attributes Herbicide Resistance 2005-2011
  11. What makes Palmer special? Herbicide resistance?
  12. Oh my, how great it was!!!!!!
  13. WeatherMax 176 oz; POST 2”, 5”, and 8” (at least 24 times more lb active than normally needed) cotton
  14. What makes Palmer special? Herbicide resistance? Growth rate?
  15. Picture taken 7 am on 7-9-07 4 inches 52 hr
  16. Picture taken 7 am on 7-9-07 1/2 inch 12 hr (overnight)
  17. What makes Palmer special? Herbicide resistance? Growth rate? Large stature?
  18. Rapid Growth Becoming Extremely Large
  19. What makes Palmer special? Herbicide resistance? Growth rate? Large stature? 4. Competitive ability?
  20. Crop Rotation Yield Loss (%) from 1 AMAPA/row meter
  21. What makes Palmer special? Herbicide resistance? Growth rate? Large stature? Competitive ability? Reducing harvest efficacy?
  22. Impact on Harvest
  23. What makes Palmer a special? Herbicide resistance? Growth rate? Large stature? Competitive ability? Reducing harvest efficacy? Seed production?
  24. 230 K 250 28 K 309 K Giant ragweed 450 K Number of Seed Produced per Plant Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds in US Ragweed = Harrison et al. 2001; johnsongrass = Warwick and Black (1983); horseweed = Regehr and Bazzaz (1979); waterhemp = Nordby and Hartzler (2004); Palmer amaranth = Macrae et al (2009). Johnson-grass Horseweed Waterhemp Palmer amaranth
  25. Palmer amaranth seed production allows for rapid field domination Year 1 Year 3 to 4
  26. What makes Palmer special? Herbicide resistance? Growth rate? Large stature? Competitive ability? Reducing harvest efficacy? Seed production? Rapid spread?
  27. Role of pollen movement and gene-flow in the spread of herbicide resistance
  28. Pollen-flow can move genes across the landscape
  29. And a trait becomes established in a new population
  30. Traditional Grower Response To Resistance 1. It want happen to me! 2. Ok, its starting to happen to me so when will the next new herbicide be here? (1992 was last new mode of action) 3. O *$&#, I got a mess. It’s on!
  31. Traditional Grower Response To Resistance 1. It want happen to me! 2. Ok, its starting to happen to me so when will the next new herbicide be here? (1992 was last new mode of action) 3. O *$&#, I got a mess. It’s on! The challenge for Extension and Industry is figuring out how to skip steps 1 and 2 moving straight into step 3.
  32. Helping Growers Respond More Quickly 1. Unified communication 2. Unbiased research defining potential impact from resistant weed. 3. Provide management programs that are as simple and economical as possible.
  33. Herbicide input increased from 4.25 to 10.625 lb ai/A 2000-2005: Herbicide costs = $27.80/A 2006-2010: Herbicide costs = $68.00/A
  34. Changes in Herbicide Management 2002: $24/A 2010: $63/A Roundup Burndown Roundup POST 1 Roundup POST 2 Roundup + diuron PD Roundup + Valor Burndown1 Gramoxone + Reflex + Direx PRE Roundup + Staple POST 1 Roundup + Dual POST 2 Direx + MSMA PD
  35. Photo by A.C. York 2010 2004: 17% of growers hand-weeded 5% cotton acres at $2.40/A 2010: 92% of growers hand-weeded 52% cotton acres at $23.70/A
  36. Tillage is now a common scene 2004: 13.1% of cotton acres cultivated 2010: 32.1% of cotton acres cultivated Herbicide incorporation: 264,266 A (26.7%) Deep turn: 256,075 A last 3 yr
  37. Current Cotton Situation Cost to Manage Palmer in GA Cotton Herbicide input: $68.00 per A $88 million Hand weeding: $11.40 per A $15 million Additional tillage: $5.84 per A $7.6 million Yield loss ??? ???? $110 million
  38. RR Herbicide Program Getting Better* 2010 2012 *Conditions first six wk after planting drier during 2012 than 2010.
  39. Growers Making Good Decisions IS KEY!!!!! 1. Diversified (more than just spray, spray, spray) 2. Timely herbicide applications (residuals key!) 3. Understand Palmer amaranth biology 4. More effective weed management programs
  40. Growers Making Good Decisions IS KEY!!!!! 4. More effective weed management programs A. Herbicides (residuals, tank mixes, etc.) B. Hand weeding C. Selective applicators D. Control before, during, and after crop E. Timeliness is still key F. Overall objective is to eliminate seed production
  41. Relying Too Heavily on Herbicides?? How long will Liberty last? How long will residual of Reflex and Valor last?
  42. 2013-2015: Develop better programs reducing selection pressure on ALL herbicides
  43. Using Heavy Rye Covers For Sustainability Rye Cover Weedy Cover
  44. Herbicide Resistance: Will You Survive? If resistance is one in a billion then you only need 918 acres to find that plant. (historically resistance is 1 plant in population of 1-10 million…9.18 acres) 25 plants per square foot emerge = 1,089,000 plants per acre
  45. Questions/Comments Heavy Rye Production System: www.farmprogress.com/heavycover